I
love NSAIDs! Yup, love ‘em!
NSAIDs
(Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)
are some of the best analgesics available, plus they’re generally over the
counter. Despite their daily use for decades, NSAIDs remain sorely misunderstood. I know they’re not a
panacea, and they have some serious side effects in certain
populations. But for healthy patients without co-morbidities, they
are pretty awesome painkillers, with no addictive potential (that I’m aware
of).
Before we start,
perform a Gedanken experiment if you
will. Not a true Gedanken Schrodinger’s Cat type experiment, but answer
the following questions in your mind.
1)
What is the best NSAID for analgesia?
2)
Do oral or parenteral NSAIDs provide better pain relief?
Got your answers?
Good.
Based on the
conversations among staff, residents and nurses in the ED, oral or parenteral ketorolac
(AKA: IM Toradol) is the strongest/bestest/most fantastic/awesome NSAID out
there.
WRONG!
I know that regardless
of what I say from here on, some of you will stand by IM Toradol like a dying
loved one. That’s okay, I understand. It’s not your fault that you’ve
been brainwashed into thinking this way. Or maybe it’s anecdotal
experience from years of practice, and I’m just a young pup who doesn’t know
anything.
Just
hear me out.
What
is the best NSAID for analgesia?
There
isn’t one.
They’re all the same
when dosed appropriately. I cannot say it better than Grant Innes did in this 2005 review of ED pain medications.
“Although some
agents have been advocated for specific indications (eg, indomethacin for
gout), there is no compelling evidence
that any one NSAID is superior to any other—for any indication.
Consequently, NSAIDS should be selected based on convenience, cost, and
availability rather than on theoretical efficacy advantages.”
Important to note are
the dosing regimes for each NSAID, as they are more than often used in the ED:
Ibuprofen up to 800
mg QID
Naproxen up to 500 mg
TID
Ketorolac up to 10 mg
QID
Indomethacin up to 50
mg QID
*Edit: There is an important concept of ceiling effect with NSAIDs. I left this out here, and it is very important so we'll discuss it in part two of the NSAID saga. Thanks to reader @ETtube for pointing this out.
*Edit: There is an important concept of ceiling effect with NSAIDs. I left this out here, and it is very important so we'll discuss it in part two of the NSAID saga. Thanks to reader @ETtube for pointing this out.
Other NSAID regimes
are also found in this paper, but these are the most common ones in North
America.
But
what about IM toradol? It always works for my patients.
I don't know but
maybe these these guys know the
answer.
That's right, Sanjay Arora and Mel Herbert from EM:RAP
actually wrote a paper on this. 6 years ago!
I highly suggest you
take 10 minutes of your day to read this great article in CJEM in 2007. The full text version is free as well.
Alternatively, I'll
summarize it here.
1994 Wright et al.– Retrospective
analysis of data that was collected by prior prospective survey.
800 mg ibuprofen po
vs. 60 mg ketorolac IM - NO DIFFERENCE
in pain as rated by visual analogue scale (VAS)
1995 Turturro et al. – Prospective
DBRCT (Double blind randomized controlled trial).
800 mg ibuprofen vs.
60 mg ketorolac IM - NO DIFFERENCE
1998 Neighbor and Puntillo – Prospective DBRCT. 800 mg
ibuprofen vs. 60 mg ketorolac IM. All patients had self-assessed
pain between 5-8/10 on VAS.
NO
DIFFERENCE
*Funny
thing about this study is the author’s name is spelled as Neighbour with a “U”
in the text, but not in the references. Funny because the Canadian CJEM
autocorrect probably added the “U”. Maybe funny just to me.*
They also cite two
more trials comparing post-op pain with the same ibuprofen vs. ketorolac
dosing, but at this point, you get the picture.
Finally, all of these
studies compared 60 mg of ketorolac
IM to 800 mg of ibuprofen. Who
actually gives 60 mg? I've never seen it where I work, where 30 mg is
the standard dose. So, maybe ibuprofen is actually better than the 30 mg
of IM ketorolac that we give.
Some
of you may say, “I use the toradol for the placebo effect of an
injection. You can’t argue with that.”
Sorry,
someone studied that too.
This study by Schwartz et
al. was a prospective DBRCT in
which patients “were unknowingly given
800 mg oral ibuprofen in a flavoured drink and then given either a placebo IM
injection or a placebo pill.” No patient really received any IM
medication in either group, and there was similarly no difference in the VAS
between the two groups. So IM for
placebo effect only also appears unwarranted.
Also,
that study design is kick ass!
Treatment
bottom line:
There
is no difference between NSAIDs when it comes to pain control. Just use
an adequate dose of whichever you choose.
IM
ketorolac still has a role in vomiting patients or those unable to take po
meds, but don’t kid yourself that it’s a “stronger” medication. It’s not.
Despite all of
this, I agree that some NSAIDs work better for certain people? Why is
this?
Watch for parts
2 and 3 of the NSAID discussion, where we'll talk about this and much
more.
*Personal disclosure:
I use ibuprofen almost exclusively, but also use Naproxen, as the BID (can go
TID) dosing regimen generally means patients will be more compliant and
hopefully have better pain control for a greater duration. When we
discuss side effect profiles in the coming weeks, you'll see why I don't use
ketorolac.
Cheers,
SOCMOBEM
References:
Innes
GD, Zed PJ, Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2005
May;23(2):433-65, ix-x.
Arora
S, Wagner JG, Herbert M. CJEM. 2007 Jan;9(1):30-2.
Schwartz
NA, et al. Acad Emerg Med. 2000 Aug;7(8):857-61.
Unfortunately, I don't have time to find the articles, but to the best of my recollection ibuprofen has a therapeutic ceiling at 400 mg (is higher doses don't give an added analgesic effect) and ketorolac maxes out at 7.5 or 10 mg (even though the commonly given dose is 30 mg).
ReplyDeleteMoshe,
ReplyDeleteThanks for the comment. You are absolutely right, I did not mention the ceiling effect concept of NSAIDs.
The literature is muddied by the fact that studies on NSAIDs vary between use for chronic pain and acute pain, and most studies are in the Rheumatology literature where they use the higher, anti-inflammatory, dosing. There is a 1986 paper that discusses the ceiling effect of ibuprofen in patients post dental extraction, and another paper in the Anesthesia literature that talks about the ketorolac ceiling effect.
I've amended this post to show that those are generally max anti-inflammatory doses. I'm going to make another post specifically discussing the ceiling effect in the next few days.
Thanks for reading,
Chris
Indomethacin is specifically indicated in a couple of unusual headache syndromes (ice pick headache springs to mind as one). These are not likely to be common in the ED though.
ReplyDeleteThe BNF (British National Formulary) mentions this really well as well.
ReplyDeleteI can't find an online link (there must be one somewhere).
600mg ibuprofen QDS and 1g paracetamol QDS sorts out most things :)
Excellent write- up. Wonder how much of the myths are industry driven.
ReplyDeleteWe’ll help you exponentially grow your social media following to improve your reputation. Buy Facebook likes, Facebook followers, Twitter followers, Instagram followers, Instagram likes, YouTube views, Google plus followers at highly competitive prices and with fast delivery. To place an order, visit our pricing page and pick out a package that suits your needs, and we will begin your campaign immediately. We're No.1 supplier of social media services - bestsocialplan.com
ReplyDeleteI am truly happy to glance at this website posts which
ReplyDeletecontains lots of helpful information, thanks for providing these information.real likes for facebook